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Wayzata World Factbook 1996
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The World Factbook - 1996 Edition - Wayzata Technology (3079) (1996).iso
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grapo
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1996-01-11
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GRAPO
10/28/92
GP00033
KEY WORDS:
OCTOBER 1ST ANTIFASCIST RESISTANCE GROUP; FIRST OF OCTOBER ANTIFASCIST
RESISTANCE GROUP; GRUPO DE RESISTENCIA ANTIFASCISTA, PRIMERO DE OCTUBRE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DESCRIPTION:
A SMALL, MAOIST URBAN TERRORIST GROUP THAT RECRUITED MEMBERS FROM THE
SPANISH COMMUNIST PARTY - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R). SEEKS TO REMOVE U.S.
MILITARY FORCES FROM SPAIN AND TO ESTABLISH A REVOLUTIONARY REGIME.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACTIVITIES:
CARRIED OUT SMALL-SCALE BOMBINGS ON U.S. AND NATO FACILITIES IN THE
EARLY 1980S. SINCE THEN, SOME OF THE MEMBERS ARRESTED IN 1985 HAVE BEEN
RELEASED FROM PRISON AND HAVE RETURNED TO ACTION, INCLUDING KILLING A
SPANISH BUSINESSMAN IN 1988. DURING 1990, GRAPO CARRIED OUT BOMBINGS IN
MADRID, BARCELONA, AND TARRAGONA. IN MARCH, 1990 GRAPO MURDERED A PHYSICIAN
INVOLVED IN FORCE-FEEDING GRAPO PRISONERS WHO WERE WAGING A HUNGER STRIKE. IN
MARCH, 1992, FERNANDO SILVA, ONE OF THE LEADERS OF GRAPO, ESCAPED FROM HIS
SPANISH PRISON CELL.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
STRENGTH:
PROBABLY FEWER THAN A DOZEN ACTIVE OPERATIVES.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
EXTERNAL AID:
REPORTED TO HAVE HAD TIES TO ACTION DIRECTE IN FRANCE AND TO THE RED
BRIGADES IN ITALY. GRAPO MAY ALSO HAVE TIES TO THE RED ARMY FACTION IN
GERMANY.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
DATE FORMED:
1975
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
POLITICAL OBJECTIVES/TARGET AUDIENCES:
* VIOLENTLY OVERTHROW THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT AND ESTABLISH A MAOIST
STATE;
* OPPOSE SPAIN'S PARTICIPATION IN NATO AND U.S. PRESENCE IN SPAIN.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BACKGROUND:
GRAPO WAS ESTABLISHED AS THE "MILITARY" ARM OF THE OUTLAWED COMMUNIST
PARTY OF SPAIN - RECONSTITUTED (PCE-R), WHICH IS A SPLINTER GROUP OF THE
OFFICIAL AND RECOGNIZED COMMUNIST PARTY OF SPAIN (PCE). AN URBAN-ORIENTED
GROUP, GRAPO HAS COMMITTED ASSASSINATIONS, BOMBINGS, AND KIDNAPPINGS AGAINST
SPANISH PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES. ON OCCASION IT ALSO HAS ATTACKED U.S.
INTERESTS. THE GROUP APPEARS TO HAVE PREFERRED AMBUSHES USING AUTOMATIC
WEAPONS.
LIKE THE ETA, THE OTHER MAJOR SPANISH TERRORIST GROUP, GRAPO HAS
FINANCED ITS OPERATIONS THROUGH KIDNAPS FOR RANSOM, BANK ROBBERIES, AND
EXTORTING "REVOLUTIONARY TAXES" FROM INDIVIDUALS AND BUSINESSES. THESE
SOURCES OF FUNDS HAVE PROVEN ADEQUATE FOR FINANCING GRAPO'S RANGE OF
OPERATIONS AND FOR PROCURING WEAPONS AND EXPLOSIVES.
DIRECT TIES BETWEEN GRAPO AND FOREIGN TERRORIST GROUPS OR STATE
SPONSORS HAVE NOT BEEN DEFINITIVELY ESTABLISHED. GRAPO, HOWEVER, HAS MADE
PUBLIC STATEMENTS IN SUPPORT OF A NUMBER OF OTHER TERRORIST GROUPS, INCLUDING
THE RED BRIGADES AND THE RED ARMY FACTION.
GRAPO'S STRUCTURE HAS BEEN BASED ON A CELLULAR CONCEPT FOR MAXIMUM
INTERNAL SECURITY. THESE CELLS ARE PROBABLY QUITE SMALL IN VIEW OF THE
GROUP'S LIMITED NUMBERS. GRAPO MEMBERS ARE EITHER "LEGAL COMMANDOS" OR
"LIBERATED COMMANDOS." THE LEGAL COMMANDOS, UNKNOWN TO POLICE, LEAD
APPARENTLY NORMAL LIVES AND PERIODICALLY CARRY OUT TERRORIST ACTIONS.
THE LIBERATED COMMANDOS ARE FULL-TIME MEMBERS WHO ARE KNOWN TO THE
AUTHORITIES AND WHO LIVE UNDERGROUND. SUCCESSFUL SPANISH POLICE OPERATIONS
IN RECENT YEARS HAVE LED TO THE ARREST OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT GRAPO
MEMBERS.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SELECTED INCIDENT CHRONOLOGY
JANUARY, 1977:
KIDNAPPED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SUPREME MILITARY TRIBUNAL AND THE
FORMER ARMY CHIEF OF STAFF. HE WAS RESCUED IN A POLICE RAID THE
FOLLOWING MONTH.
MAY, 1977:
BOMBED THE U.S. CULTURAL CENTER IN MADRID ON THE DAY THAT VICE
PRESIDENT WALTER MONDALE ARRIVED FOR AN OFFICIAL VISIT.
MARCH, 1978:
ASSASSINATED THE DIRECTOR OF PENAL INSTITUTIONS IN MADRID.
MARCH, 1979:
ASSASSINATED A SEMI-RETIRED SPANISH BRIGADIER GENERAL IN MADRID AND
CLAIMED THE ATTACK WAS IN PROTEST TO SPAIN'S PENDING ENTRY INTO
NATO.
MAY, 1979:
KILLED 8 AND WOUNDED 40 IN A BOMBING AT A MADRID CAFE FREQUENTED
BY RIGHTISTS.
SEPTEMBER, 1980:
KILLED A GENERAL AND WOUNDED HIS AIDE AND DRIVER IN A
MACHINEGUN ATTACK IN BARCELONA.
APRIL, 1982:
AMBUSHED TWO POLICE OFFICERS IN BARCELONA, KILLING ONE AND
WOUNDING THE OTHER
AUGUST, 1982:
BOMBED THE BANK OF AMERICA IN MADRID AND THE SEARS BUILDING IN
BARCELONA.
MAY, 1983:
SHOT AND KILLED A CIVIL GUARDSMAN IN A SCHOOLBUS IN LA CORUNA,
NORTHERN SPAIN.
JANUARY, 1984:
SHOT AND KILLED TWO POLICEMEN IN MADRID.
APRIL, 1984:
KIDNAPPED A BANK OFFICIAL AND RELEASED HIM AFTER A LARGE RANSOM WAS
REPORTEDLY PAID.
JULY, 1984:
ROBBED THE FRENCH BANK CREDIT LYONNAIS IN BARCELONA OF 300,000
PESETAS. THE ROBBERS DETONATED A BOMB THAT
COMPLETELY DESTROYED THE BANK AND INJURED ONE PERSON.
JULY-AUGUST, 1984:
DETONATED A SERIES OF 15 BOMBS IN SEVERAL CITIES, CAUSING
EXTENSIVE PROPERTY DAMAGE TO A FRENCH BANK, A FRENCH CONSULATE, AND
THE GENERAL MOTORS COMPANY, AMONG OTHERS. NO INJURIES WERE
SUSTAINED.
SEPTEMBER, 1984:
MURDERED THE PRESIDENT OF THE SEVILLE ASSOCIATION OF BUSINESSMEN.
SEPTEMBER, 1984:
IN MADRID, MURDERED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A LARGE REAL ESTATE
COMPANY.
SEPTEMBER, 1984:
KIDNAPPED THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF A COMPANY, WHO WAS FORCED TO
WRITE A BANK DRAFT FOR ABOUT $30,000. A COMPANY EMPLOYEE WAS THEN
KIDNAPPED AND FORCED TO CASH THE DRAFT. THE VICTIMS WERE THEN
RELEASED AND THE TERRORISTS ESCAPED.
JULY, 1987:
SHOT AND SEVERELY INJURED A POLICE OFFICER WHO WAS STANDING WATCH
IN FRONT OF A POLICE STATION.
MARCH, 1989:
TWO CIVIL GUARDS MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH IN THE COURSE OF A
BANK ROBBERY BY GRAPO MEMBERS.
DECEMBER, 1989:
TWO CIVIL GUARD MEMBERS WERE SHOT TO DEATH WHILE THEY WERE ON
GUARD AT A GOVERNMENT BUILDING IN GIJON.
MARCH, 1990:
GRAPO TERRORISTS SHOT AND KILLED A PHYSICIAN WHO WAS INVOLVED IN
THE FORCED FEEDING OF AN IMPRISONED GRAPO TERRORIST WHO WAS
ENGAGED IN A HUNGER STRIKE.
SEPTEMBER, 1990:
THREE BUILDINGS IN MADRID WERE BOMBED: THE STOCK EXCHANGE, IN
WHICH SIX PERSONS WERE INJURED; THE MINISTRY OF ECONOMY AND
FINANCE; AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT BUILDING.
NOVEMBER, 1990:
GRAPO BOMBED TWO GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS IN BARCELONA AS POLICE AND
SECURITY OFFICIALS BEGAN A TWO DAY MEETING TO DISCUSS SECURITY FOR
THE BARCELONA OLYMPICS.
DECEMBER, 1990:
A GRAPO CAR BOMB KILLED SIX POLICE OFFICERS, AND WOUNDED TWO
OFFICERS AND EIGHT CIVILIANS IN THE CITY OF SABADELL, 18 MILES
NORTH OF BARCELONA.
NOVEMBER, 1991:
SPANISH SECURITY OFFICIALS ANNOUNCED THAT TWO GRAPO MEMBERS WHO
WERE ARRESTED IN MADRID HAD PLANNED TO CARRY OUT A BOMB ATTACK AT
THE SITE OF EXPO 92 IN SEVILLE.
FEBRUARY, 1992:
GRAPO CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR BOMBING A GAS PIPELINE WHICH RUNS
BETWEEN ZARAGOZA AND ROTA. A PORTION OF THE ZARAGOZA-VALENCIA
HIGHWAY WAS FORCED TO CLOSE FOR SEVERAL HOURS, AND APPROXIMATELY
50,000 HOMES WERE TEMPORARILY WITHOUT GAS.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE ABOVE INFORMATION WAS DERIVED FROM MULTIPLE STATE DEPARTMENT, DEPARTMENT
OF DEFENSE, AND PUBLIC MEDIA SOURCE DOCUMENTS.